1. Corrections
- If minor errors (e.g., typographical mistakes, missing details, or non-substantive inaccuracies) are identified after publication, the editorial office may issue a correction (erratum or corrigendum).
- Corrections will be published as separate notices, clearly linked to the original article, and will remain freely accessible.
2. Retractions
- A retraction will be issued if serious issues are detected that invalidate the findings or compromise ethical and academic standards.
- Grounds for retraction include, but are not limited to:
- plagiarism or redundant publication,
- fabrication or falsification of data,
- copyright or ethical violations,
- evidence of serious methodological flaws.
- Retracted articles will remain in the online archive but will be clearly marked as Retracted for full transparency.
3. Expressions of Concern
- An editorial note of concern may be issued if there are unresolved doubts about the reliability or integrity of a publication, and a full investigation is pending or inconclusive.
- These notes will be linked to the affected article until a final decision (correction, retraction, or confirmation of validity) is made.
4. Editorial Responsibility
- All decisions regarding corrections, retractions, or expressions of concern will be made by the Editor-in-Chief in consultation with the editorial board and in accordance with COPE flowcharts.
- Authors will be informed of any decision in writing, and their response will be considered before final action is taken.